Ancient nubia

Ancient nubia Definition of a civilization According to my definition of a civilization the ancient Nubian qualify in all fields. They have achieved a division of labor, which sparked advanced government, a written language, advanced technology, and a calendar.Division of labor During the Neolithic age, the Nubian people abandoned their hunter-gatherer society and adopted a new way of life, one with farming and raising animals. It created a division of labor. In the early stages there were a few basic occupations one could pursue. Farming, ranching, and medicine making were the most common of the early careers.As the Nubian civilization evolved many other occupations became available to the people. There were need for hotels, markets, bathhouses, artist, priest, and blacksmiths. One could also take a career as a politician, military officer, record keeper or other careers related to the government. Trading was another way to go. Many people made a living by managing the trade with other countries or working on the trade ships.A shell bracelet found in the grave of a Nubian me...The division of labor required Nubian's to stay in one area rather than travel the land by seasons, and in turn that spawned all other aspects of their civilization.Advanced government Before the Nubians had kings or chiefs the people that usually controlled the population controlled the trade. Trade managers were the people who took farmer's cattle or crops and traded them up the river for whatever the farmer wanted. Nubia depended heavily on trade. Without it they would surely perish. Because of this, trade managers eventually became the official rulers of Nubia. Nubia had established an early form of monarchy supported by three different rulers. The royal crown prince, the general of the river, and the prince of akin were the three main areas of power. All of these positions were hereditary. Though the rulers...

6 Things To Consider If You Want to Work from Home Full-Time

6 Things To Consider If You Want to Work from Home Full-Time Working from home seems like nothing but a blessing: all of the sweatpants and none of the commute. But there are a few not-so-great aspects to bear in mind as well. Here’s a list of a few things to consider while you’re setting up a home office for yourself. 1. You’ll be alone. A lot.You will get lonely at some point- that’s inevitable. It might take a while to get used to the silence and the peace. If you can’t get used to it, you could consider a coworking space or a coffee shop as part of your routine. You also might find that you miss the face-to-face of meetings and staying connected. It will be more important than ever to stay connected- even if only through Skype and Google Hangouts and other messaging venues.2. You’re in charge.No boss is going to tell you what to work on or when you can and cannot take a break, which is great! But no boss is going to keep you on your toes either. That responsibility will now fall to you. Instead of losing hours and hours on Twitter, you’ll have to keep yourself on task- otherwise your work will suffer and you won’t be self-employed for long. So cultivate some serious self-discipline, including rewarding yourself with breaks and respecting your need for time off.3. You’re the main negotiator.There’s no HR department making things easy and equitable. You set your rate and negotiate your contracts and make your own boundaries. No one is going to do it for you. Try raising your rate for new clients and cutting your existing clients a break until you build your business. At the same time, don’t forget to give yourself the proper raises and reviews.4. You need to be cutting edge.You’re not going to learn things in meetings or at the water cooler anymore. It will be on you to keep track of the latest advances and innovations in your field. You don’t want to fall behind the curve, or you won’t be competitive for bids.5. Money wil l be less stable.You can make a great living freelancing, but you should keep in mind that that living might sometimes be erratic. You will have flood months and famine months. This means you have to have a good savings in the bank for emergencies and lean times. Make sure you have enough to float yourself through any lulls or catastrophes.6. It’s always casual Friday.Okay, but it really is true that you can wear sweatpants any time you want- unless you have a client meeting or, you know, have to venture out into the world. Be careful what you wish for though. If you start to feel sluggish and unproductive because of your new, ahem, uniform, then try taking a shower in the morning and dressing in something smart whenever you need an extra boost.

Language2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Language2 - Essay Example They also end up relegating themselves to only living and socializing in areas where their neighbors speak their native language. U.S. immigrants, who do not speak English, have to master the language to compete for equal choices in work and living. Young students who do not speak English at home are at a disadvantage in American schools. They have to face the dual task of understanding the language, as well as following the curriculum. This adds an extra burden on them compared to their classmates who speak English as their first language. As a result, these students are not able to do well in their studies and lag behind their English speaking class fellows. While it is true that there are few international private schools that do teach in native languages, they are not always located at a convenient distance. Many parents are also unable to afford the tuition fee for private schools. The parents now realize that they have to teach English to their children otherwise they will be left out of the mainstream. This is why they are increasingly admitting them in special programs in schools which teach English as a new language. For many non-native adults in academia, expressing themselves well in writing or in oral communication is a difficult step. These adult scholars in higher education receive less attention as their teacher has to make the extra effort to overlook their limited skills in English expression to appreciate the gist of their papers, research or presentation. They are not able to communicate well. Teachers then need to have more patience and neutrality when speaking with these students. However, not all teachers have that extra patience. In addition, non-English speakers in academia also face problems in presentations as they may not be able to find appropriate words to fully convey what they have in mind. This can result in the audience losing interest in their presentation and can potentially have an effect on their grades. So, is

Reading notes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Reading notes - Essay Example From around 1932, the military always received awards depending on the number of killings in battle. A military group stands to oppose this mode of awarding and recognition, arguing that it completely disregards the aspect of honor and respect to the military. The country faces a financial crisis that has averted her economy for the worse. The bailout outcomes have caused Americans to suffer under the hands of the government. From this we can see the Afghan Goatherds in place, which defines that people do not always get what they want. Such events may bring about the subject of moral dilemma: In this Plato’s perception is to overlook prejudgment and focus on the right virtues. Utilitarianism is explained in the argument of overall happiness. Utilitarianism is defined through two objections. One which argues whether it is right to take a harmful action in the interest of another action and the argument which sees the benefits of the chosen action. Libertarianism is used to question whether we own ourselves and our decisions or whether we are subject to a superior figure that controls us. Thus, it creates a minimal state of the two sides. Three policies fall under this minimal state; number of moral legislation, paternalisms and wealth. Also, the concept of â€Å"Free-Market† spans out indicatively on the issue of economic inequality. Take for instance Michael Jordan’s money being taxed. The extra taxation is explained as an intention to help other people with the money collected. However, from a libertarian perspective, choice of voluntary action gets violated. There is the question of morals and markets. In this, people may get hired for a particular task but end up doing two or more tasks that may have not featured in the agreement. Putting into consideration the libertarian and utilitarian reasoning, high effectiveness could be observed in a case of a volunteer army as compared to any other. Still under this scenario, surrogacy features

An Evaluation of WKMNs A Newbies Guide to Wireless Networks Tutorial Essay

An Evaluation of WKMNs A Newbies Guide to Wireless Networks Tutorial - Essay Example As the study declares the concepts include the radio frequency technology, mobile telephony, wireless area network (LAN), wireless personal area network, fixed wireless wide area networks (WAN), practical applications of these technologies is various business set-ups and other references that can be useful to the student who wants to learn more. Each of these topics contains subtopics that are detailed to the technology. Although the terminologies can give a complex impression especially to hearing of it for the first time, the tutorial is designed to ensure a simplified translation of such concepts that can be comprehended in the understanding level of its students. How the student grasp the concepts and ideas are critical to the objectives of creating this newbie tutorial as it will determine the productivity that they can make out of this wireless technology knowledge that a student will gain after going through the tutorial. The tutorial can be taken in five minutes a day and the student can choose any chapter of interest without specific order, as long as all chapters are covered in order to finish the course. The tutorial also provides excursion websites that can be visited should the student find a specific area from it course chapter really useful for his needs.

Detection and Mitigation of DDOS Attack

Detection and Mitigation of DDOS Attack A Survey on Detection and Mitigation of Distributed Denial of Service attack in Named  Data Networking Sandesh Rai1*, Dr. Kalpana Sharma 2, and Dependra Dhakal 3 1Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Student, Computer Science Engineering, Rangpo, Sikkim. 2Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Head of Department, Professor, Computer Science Engineering, Rangpo, Sikkim 3Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Assistant Professor, Computer Science Engineering, Rangpo ,Sikkim Abstract. There are various number of on-going research are taking place thats aims to provide next best Internet architecture although there are varieties of scope and maturity. This research is mainly based on to provide better security and better privacy as basic requirements of the protocol. Denial of Service Attacks which is a major issue in current Internet architecture also plays a critical issue in any new upcoming internet architecture and requires major focus for the same. The paper focus on the Interest flooding attack which is one the different type of Distributed Denial of service attack (DDOS).NDN incorporates better security features that detect and mitigate certain attack in the networks. But its resilience to the attacks has not analyzed yet. It presents the Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) in Named Data Networking where an adversary sends out Interest packet with spoof names as an attacking packet to the NDN router. Keywords: NDN, DDOS, Content store, Pending Interest Table, Cache pollution. 1 Introduction Clearly internet has become a part of the day todays life of the people. Millions of people around the world use it to do various type of day todays task. It connect millions of people around the world via wired ,wireless, mobile or fixed computing devices and host huge amount of information(which is in the digital form) to be used by people. Internet provides information to be exchanged and has exponentially grown over time. The main ideas of the Todays internet architecture were developed in 70s.The telephone where conversation was point to point. The utilization of the Internet has dramatically changed since 70s and current internet has to adapt well with new usage model, new application and new services. To cope up with these changes, a variety number of research is taking place to design a new Internet architecture. Named Data Networking (NDN) [1] is one of the ongoing research .Its main objective is to developed a next best Internet architecture for upcoming generation. Its an instantiation of the of the Information Centric approach (ICN) or Content Centric approach (CCN) [1][2][3]. The main objective of the CCN is to provide more flexibility, security and scalability. CCN provide more security by securing the individual pieces of content rather than securing the connection. It provides more flexibility by using content name instead of using IP addresses. NDN is one of the instances of Information Centric Networking (ICN).NDN is based on the working principle of Content-Centric Networking (CCN) [3], where content instead of hosts are the main focus in the communications architecture. NDN is one of the research projects funded by the United State of National Science Foundation (NSF) which is under Future Internet Architecture (FIA) Program [3].NDN focus on the name rather than the location of th e host. In NDN every pieces of the data is digitally signed by its source producer. The signing in data allows the producer to be trusted and authenticated. Caching of the data is one of the core features of the NDN which helps to optimum use of network bandwidth use in the network . NDN provide an attractive architecture for the data distribution, anonymous communication. 1.1 Distributed Denial of service attack: As the years goes by, Distributed denial of service (DDOS) attack have become common and dangerous and it remains among the most critical threats on the current Internet. They are very difficult to detect and mitigate. Any new architecture should detect and mitigate DoS attack or at least minimum their effeteness. NDN appear to be efficient for the distribution of the content for the legitimate parties but unknown to malicious parties. Instead of using single host computer and single connection for the internet, the DDOS attack utilizes various number of host computers and various number of internet connections. The host computers for an attack are distributed across the whole wide world. The difference between a DOS attack VS a DDOS attack is that the victim host will be overloaded by thousands number of resources requests. In the attacks process, the adversary host node in the network sends request a huge number of zombie for the attack to take place. A malicious user attacks the n etwork host by requesting resources in a huge number in the form of Interest packets with spoofed names or without spoofed name. These huge numbers of Interest consumes the bandwidth of the network and exhaust a routers memory. This type of attack is known as Interest Flooding Attack (IFA) and this paper exclusively focus on this problem and their proposed countermeasures. 2 Overview of NDN Architecture Named data networking is an new and ongoing research architecture whose motivation is the architectural mixed of current internet architecture and its various usage. However the architecture design and principles are motivational derivation from the successes of todays Internet architecture [4]. The thin waist as can be seen in Figure 1 of hour glass architecture was the key service of the enormous growth of the internet by allowing both upside layer and bottom layer technologies to innovate independently. The NDN architecture contains the same hourglass shape as shown in Figure 1.2.1, but changes the thin waist by using data directly rather than its location. Figure 2.1 [4]: NDN Hourglass Architectures For communication, NDN provide two different packets i.e. Interest and Data packets. A user asks for resources by issuing Interest packet to the router in the network, which contains a name for those particular resources that identifies and verifies the desired data for the host. Different fields of a data packet [5]: 1.Signature: To verify data. 2. Key locator: To verify signature. 3. Publisher Public Key Digest: Public key hash of the producer. 4. Content name: Name of the requested data. 5 Selector: which include scope: and reserved. Figure 2.2 [6]: Packets in the NDN Architecture Any node having data that satisfies it, a Data packet is issued by the satisfied router [7], each router of NDN contains following different three data structures for Interest packet and Data packet forwarding. i) Content Store (CS): Recently used data are store. ii) Forward Information Base (FIB): Routing table of name of the data and it guides Interests toward data producers [8]. iii) Pending Interest Table (PIT): Store unsatisfied data request. It record the requested data name[8]. 3 Interest Flooding attacks By using the information and state of the Pending Interest Table (PIT), a routing of content by router is performed. In the PIT the name of requesting content is looked up for identifying its entry. The malicious node uses the state of the PIT to perform DDOS attacks. Basically there are three types of Interest Flooding attack [9]: a) Static: This type of attack attacks the infrastructure of the network and is limited and caching provides a build in solution. The interest is satisfied by the content of the cache [10]. b) Dynamically generated: Here the requested resources is dynamic and all the requested interest reaches to the content producer depleting the network bandwidth and state of the Pending Interest Table (PIT).Since the requested content is dynamic, in build cache does not serve as countermeasure for the attacks[10]. c) Non- existing: This report focus on this attack type where attacker involves non-satisfiable interest for a non-existing content in the network. These kinds of interest are not taken care by the router and are routed to the content producer depleting network bandwidth and router PIT states [11]. In all three types of attacks the malicious host uses a very large number of fake request, which are distributed in nature, An adversary host can use two features unique to NDN, namely CS and PIT, to perform DDoS attacks [12] in the router. We focus on attacks that overwhelm the PIT, which keeps record which are not fulfill by a router. The adversary host issues a large set of fake request, which are possibly distributed in nature, to generate a large number of Interest packets with spoofed name as shown in Figure 1.3.1 aiming to (1) overwhelm PIT table in routers, and (2) swamp the target content producers [13][14]. Figure 3.1 [15]: Example of Interest flooding attack Once the PIT is exceed its threshold, all incoming interests are dropped as there will no memory space available to create entries for new resourced interests. Since the names are spoofed, no Interest packets will be satisfied by the content [16]. These packets request will remain in the PIT for as much as possible, which will definitely exhaust the router memory and router resources on routers. This is the goal of Interest flooding attack. 4 Related Works Gasti et al. [17] analyzed the resilience of Named Data networking to the DDOS attacks. The paper discussed two different types of attacks with their effect and proposed two countermeasure mechanisms: a) Router Statistics and b) Push-back approaches. Afanasyev et al. [18] addressed the flooding attack. Their works explain the feasibility of the interest flooding attacks and the requirement of the effective solution. In terms of evaluation of the attack the proposed mitigation plan is complementary to Poseidon mitigation .Afanasyev et al. proposed three different mitigation algorithms: a) token bucket with per interface fairness b) satisfaction-based pushback c) satisfaction-based interest acceptance. All the three algorithms exploit their own state information to stop Interest flooding attacks. Satisfaction based pushback mechanism among three algorithms effectively detect and mitigate the attack and ensure all the interest form a legitimate user. Campagno et at. [19] Addressed the flooding attacks and proposed a mitigation algorithm called Poseidon. This algorithm is strictly used for non-existing type of interest flooding attacks. This mitigation algorithm is used for local and distributed interest flooding attacks. Dai et al. [20] addressed the flooding attacks and proposed a mitigation algorithm. The solution is based on the collaboration of the router and the content producer. Dai et al. proposed Interest traceback algorithm. The algorithm generates a spoof data packet to satisfy the interest in the PIT to trace the originators. According to the, the algorithm is not proactive, that overhead the network by sending out spoof data packet for the interest depleting the bandwidth of the network and creating traffic. The main shortcoming of this approach is that its take the long unsatisfied interest in the PIT as adversary interest and others as legit interest. So the router drops any long incoming interest packet which may be a legitimate interest. Choi et al. [21] addressed the overview of the Interest Flooding attacks for strictly non-existing content only on NDN. The paper tries to explain the effectiveness of the attack in the network and in quality of services. Karami et al. [22] addressed and provide a hybrid algorithm for the solution. The algorithm is proactive. There are two phase 1) detection 2) reaction. In detection phase the attack is detect using combination of multi objective evolutionary optimization and Radial basis function (Neural Network).In the reaction phases an adaptive mechanism for reaction is used to mitigate the attacks. 5 Analysis of survey The following table show the analysis of the all the paper and comparison related only on the project. The table is a comparison of different paper which is written by well-known publishers. The Analysis try to provide a possible research gap that is present on the paper. Table 1.Comparison of different NDN related paper SLno Title Publication Details Summary Research Gap 1 DoS DDoS in Named Data Networking P. Gasti, G. Tsudik, E. Uzun, and L. Zhang. DoS DDoS in named-data networking. Technical report, University of California. Discussed two types of attacks with their effects and potential countermeasures (Router Statistics and Push-back Mechanisms). 1. The paper only put a light on the attack and its possible countermeasures. 2 Interest flooding attack and countermeasures in Named Data Networking A. Afanasyev, P. Mahadevan, I. Moiseenko, E. Uzun, and L. Zhang. Interest flooding attack and countermeasures in Named Data Networking. In IFIP Networking. Proposed three mitigation algorithms. (token bucket with per-interface fairness, satisfaction-based Interest acceptance, and satisfaction-based pushback). 1.Improvements in token bucket with per-interface fairness, satisfaction-based Interest acceptance was less effective than satisfaction based pushback. 3 Poseidon: Mitigating interest flooding DDoS attacks in named data networking. A. Compagno, M. Conti, P. Gasti, and G. Tsudik, Poseidon: Mitigating interest flooding DDoS attacks in named data networking,Conference on Local Computer Networks. Proposed a framework, named Poseidon, for mitigation of local and distributed Interest flooding attack for non-existing contents 1.Fixed Threshold. 4 A hybrid multiobjective RBFPSO method for mitigating DoS attacks in named data networking. A. Karami and M. Guerrero-Zapata, A hybrid multiobjective RBFPSO method for mitigating DoS attacks in named data networking,Neurocomputing. Introduced an intelligent combination algorithm for the solution. 1.Investigating inter-domain DoS attacks and applying Hybrid approach. 5 Threat of DoS by interest flooding attack in content-centric networking S. Choi, K. Kim, S. Kim, and B.-H. Roh,:Threat of DoS by interest flooding attack in content-centric networking, in International Conference on Information Networking. Explain the difficulty for getting a solution flooding attacks in the PIT. 1.Analyzing DDoS attacks and their countermeasures. 6 Mitigate ddos attacks in ndn by interest traceback H. Dai, Y. Wang, J. Fan, and B. Liu. Mitigate ddos attacks in ndn by interest traceback. In NOMEN. Introduced a traceback solution where a node sends a spoof data packet to trace the host. 1. Only the request which is long is considered as malicious request. 6 Conclusion This report starts with a brief introduction of the CCN, NDN architecture and which is further followed by common and most critical attacks in todays internet. NDN mainly focuses on the data security, data privacy for the users. This report clearly represents only the starting step for mitigating DDOS attacks on the Pending Interest Table in the context of NDN. In this paper, we have explained DDOS attack and its various types namely, interest flooding attack. We have discussed current research regarding the attack, their existing solution, and try to analyze the given solution for detection and mitigation. The adversary tries to exploit interest forwarding rule to make certain interest for the packet with the never existing content name. We analyzed that the victim of the attack is host and PIT of the router. Thus a huge amount of Interest packet will reside on the PIT of the router which use and exhaust the memory of the router and computing resources of the router which will defin itely degrade the performance of the router. The NDN is the latest ongoing research topic and a new propose Internet architecture where limited research have been done for the mitigation and detection of the interest flooding attack thus there is a very much need for details analysis on the security before the architecture actually deployed. References V. Jacobson, M. Mosko, D. Smetters, and J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves.: Content- centric networking, Whitepaper, Palo Alto Research Center, pp. 2-4 (2007) V. Jacobson, D. K. Smetters, J. D. Thornton, M. F. Plass, N. H. Briggs, and R. L. Braynard,.:Networking named content,in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies, ACM(2009) L. Zhang, D. Estrin, J. Burke, V. Jacobson, J. D. Thornton, D. K. Smetters, B. Zhang, G. Tsudik, D. Massey, C. Papadopoulos et al.: Named data networking (NDN) project, Relatorio Tecnico NDN-0001, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center-PARC( 2010) J. Pan, S. Paul, and R. Jain.: A survey of the research on future internet architectures, Communications Magazine, IEEE (2011) A. Hoque, S. O. Amin, A. Alyyan, B. Zhang, L. Zhang, and L. Wang.: NLSR: Named-data link state routing protocol,in Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCOMM Workshop7Information-Centric Networking, ACM, pp. 15-20(2013) V. Jacobson, J. Burke, L. Zhang, B. Zhang, K. Claffy, D. Krioukov, C. Papadopoulos, L. Wang, E. Yeh, and P. Crowley.:Named data networking (NDN) project 2013- 2014 report,http://named-data.net, Annual Progress Report( 2014) C. Ghali, G. Tsudik, and E. Uzun.: Elements of trust in named-data networking, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, ACM, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1-9 (2014) M. Aamir and S. M. A. Zaidi,.:Denial-of-service in content centric (named data) networking: A tutorial and state-of-the-art survey, Security and Communication Networks, vol. 8, no. 11, pp. 2037-2059 (2015) M. W ¨ahlisch, T. C. Schmidt, and M. Vahlenkamp.: Backscatter from the data plane threats to stability and security in information-centric networking. CoRR, abs/1205.4778 (2012) Content centric networking (CCNx) project. http://www.ccnx.org. A. Afanasyev, I. Moiseenko, and L. Zhang.: ndnSIM: NDN simulator for NS-3. Technical Report NDN-0005, 2012, University of California, Los Angeles(2012) Wang R, Jia Z, Ju L.: An Entropy-Based Distributed DDoS Detection Mechanism in Software-Defined Networking. InTrustcom/BigDataSE/ISPA, Vol. 1, pp. 310-317(2013) Kumar, K., Joshi, R.C. and Singh, K..: A distributed approach using entropy to detect DDoS attacks in ISP domain. In Signal Processing, Communications and Networking, ICSCN07. International Conference on pp. 331-337(2007) Feinstein L, Schnackenberg D, Balupari R, Kindred D. :Statistical approaches to DDoS attack detection and response. InDARPA Information Survivability Conference and Exposition, 2003. Proceedings Vol. 1, pp. 303-314(2003) Krishnan, R., Krishnaswamy, D. and Mcdysan, D.: Behavioral security threat detection strategies for data center switches and routers. In Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW), 2014 IEEE 34th International Conference on pp. 82-87(2014) Zhang Y.:An adaptive flow counting method for anomaly detection in SDN. InProceedings of the ninth ACM conference on Emerging networking experiments and technologies pp. 25-30(2013) P. Gasti, G. Tsudik, E. Uzun, and L. Zhang, DoS and DDoS in named data networking, in 22nd International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN), pp. 1-7(2013) A. Afanasyev, P. Mahadevan, I. Moiseenko, E. Uzun, and L. Zhang.:Interest flooding attack and countermeasures in named data networking, in IFIP Networking Conference, pp. 1-9(2013) A. Compagno, M. Conti, P. Gasti, and G. Tsudik,Poseidon: Mitigating interest flooding DDoS attacks in named data networking,in 38th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), IEEE, pp. 630- 638(2013) H. Dai, Y. Wang, J. Fan, and B. Liu, Mitigate DDoS attacks in NDN by interest traceback, in Conference on Computer Communications Workshops.(INFOCOM WKSHPS), IEEE,pp. 381- 386(2013) S. Choi, K. Kim, S. Kim, and B.-H. Roh, Threat of DoS by interest flooding attack in content-centric networking, in International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN), pp. 315-319(2013) A. Karami and M. Guerrero-Zapata.: A hybrid multiobjective RBFPSO method for mitigating DoS attacks in named data networking, Neurocomputing, vol. 151, pp. 1262-1282(2015)

Covers of the High and Low: Attractions and Reflections Essay -- Book

Covers of the High and Low: Attractions and Reflections When preparing a book for publishing, companies surely convene to agree upon a suitable cover - its design, size, color, texture, print size and design, and so on. Not one of these ingredients would be arbitrary, but each seems to perform two functions - attracting the appropriate reading audience, and reflecting the text's content in an intriguing manner. In short, the bestseller cover seems to work to create a certain "aura" which acts as a stylized extension, and/or abbreviated summary of the atmosphere produced by the words within. Often a picture appears centralized on the cover - an image to catch the eye more quickly than mere printed words would. At a moment's glance, the passer-by has already noticed an image, and then continues to process its meaning, aided by the ensuing title and perhaps author's name. Certain expectations and questions are inspired, as techniques of the cover take effect in the mind of the potential reader. The meaning derived from the cover's collaborat ing external signifiers is often fulfilled within the internal text. Because the cover is reflective of the novel's internal workings, and often its "high/low" cultural classification, the first reader/cover encounter could both determine a reader's initial acceptance or rejection of the book, and be somewhat prophetic of his/her subsequent reading experience. In this way, the bestseller cover is effective in reflecting the inner substance of the writing (including "high" or "low" cultural quality) in an intriguing manner which attracts appropriate readers. Danielle Steele's Vanished portrays a small picture - an almost outlined (rather iconic) suggestion really - of a young boy in what ... ...s traits of the "low cultural" bestseller converge together in the compact, physical realm of the cover to reflect the content's most "popular" strengths in a way that is provoking, and often enigmatic. The use of image and other signifiers of the cover is handled differently by "high cultural" bestsellers, as their literary self-perceptions are different. Hence, although both "high" and "low cultural" bestsellers use similar methods of content reflection, their covers are remarkably dissimilar, owing to 1.The difference in the publishers' perception of the book's strengths (such as "art", or "entertainment"), and 2.The target audience the publisher wishes to attract, based upon these perceptions. All bestsellers are popular, and their charismatic covers, when channeled to the appropriate audience, must be imperative in their achievement of such immense popularity.

Is Eddie Carbone a Tragic Hero?

Is Eddie Carbone a tragic hero? Firstly, before the decision is made on whether Eddie Carbone is classed as a tragic hero, I would like to outline what a tragic hero really means. ‘Tragic'- a tragedy is a type of drama, therefore in the context of tragedy, the word ‘hero' means the protagonist, someone who we may admire or respect in a way, but who is imperfect, and has a main flaw, which seems to contribute on his own downfall. A hero doesn't necesserily have to be perfect.It is important that a tragic hero acquires self-knowledge and faces up to his own predicament, with honesty and openness. At the beginning of the play, a tragic hero is always a good person; for example Eddie was a loving and caring man, he said to Catherine â€Å"I want you to be in a nice office. † This shows that he cares for Catherine's future. Eddie Carbone doesn't really fit as a tragic hero considering he is a normal longshoreman, which is ordinary in Red Hook. Just like all men, Eddie à ¢â‚¬Å"worked on the piers where there was work, he brought home his pay, and he lived. Eddie doesn't have a high status, but on the other hand Eddie may still be categorized as a tragic hero due to his bold imperfection which results in his downfall, Eddie is also respected at the beginning of the play, just like a tragic hero. Eddie's tragic flaw, seems to be his over powering love for his niece Catherine, which makes Eddie's fate unavoidable. His unnatural love for Catherine causes the jealousy betweem him and Rodolfo, Beatrice's Italian cousin, who is also falling for Catherine.

Global Warming Fact or Fiction Essay

Throughout their history, humans have witnessed all the environmental imbalances they have created in the world. The unstoppable technological advances of the world have greatly contributed to the enhancement of economic progress and improvement of the quality of life. However, the phenomenal growth of the economy and the increase of the standards of living are achieved at the expense of environmental destruction that is pressing the contemporary society. Hence, as human beings are the ones responsible for taking care of and preserving nature, they should impose certain limitations in their attempts to acquire economic progress in order to protect the environment. The pivotal change in the composition of the earth’s atmospheric condition gave birth to the term global warming, leaving the whole world unnerved of the damages it is currently causing and will continue to cause. However, we should consider if global warming is true or a mere product of our imagination. Some scientists argue that what we are experiencing right now is a natural occurrence and is a part of the earth’s climate cycle. Theorists believed that the earth is currently undergoing climate cycle, wherein the planet cools then heats up. Scientists pointed out that 75 million years ago, the earth experienced ten degrees higher than today’s temperature, but still, life was sustained. On the other hand, there is a strong evidence that global warming is not a natural phenomenon but is a result of human activities. Global warming is progressing at a rapid pace, with its damaging effects leading the world more and more to its destruction (Hopwood and Cohen). Thus, this paper aims to present information that supports the claim that global warming is a fact and is threatening human life. Global warming is considered as the worst dilemma faced by humans as a result of their constant neglect of the environment. Global warming developed through the increased emissions of the noxious greenhouse gases resulting in an increase on the temperature of the earth’s surface (SciDev. Net). Global warming renders a variety of changes that affects the environment and the quality of life. As a result of humankind’s neglect and carelessness, the Earth is now experiencing extreme shifts in temperature which result in heat waves, irregular weather conditions, and rapid unfreezing of icecaps and glaciers located at the two opposite poles of the earth. As the ice caps and glaciers melt, the sea level rises, resulting in occurrences of coastal flooding. Causes of Global Warming The main cause of global warming is the widespread emission of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are the natural blanket of the Earth located in the atmosphere. It traps some of the light to keep the surface warmer. Over the century, the Earth’s surface temperature increased by . 5 degrees Celsius and it was believed that this was due to the increased on the concentration of the main greenhouse gases, which are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorocarbons (Hopwood and Cohen). The natural phenomenon was named â€Å"greenhouse effect† because it has a similar effect created by the glass panes of a greenhouse. The greenhouse traps the heat inside preventing large amounts of heat to go outside. The greenhouse gases selectively transmit infrared rays emitted by the sun. It traps some of the waves and permits some to travel in space. The greenhouse gases then bounce the infrared rays back on the lower atmosphere causing the increase in temperature (Hopwood and Cohen). Carbon dioxide is one of the main components of the greenhouse gases. It is produced and emitted in the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is emitted when humans exhale, when fossil fuels burn for energy, and through the deforestation of the planet (Hopwood and Cohen). The release of carbon dioxide is a biological function among humans and other animals which have a similar respiratory system. Fossil fuels are formed through the decay of the plants and animals a thousand years ago. People utilize these fossil fuels in the form of coal, oil, and natural gas to create a supply of electricity, to heat their homes, and to run their cars. The fossil fuels contain carbon which, when burned, mixes with oxygen, resulting in the formation of carbon dioxide (Hopwood and Cohen). Other greenhouse gases accumulate in the earth’s atmosphere due to the negligence of people. As they continue to strive for economic progress, they reinforce the causes of the environmental dilemma that can lead the planet to its destruction (Hopwood and Cohen). Deforestation is another cause of the production of carbon dioxide. Deforestation occurs though logging for lumber, pulpwood and fuel wood. Another factor contributing on deforestation is farming new land, which involves developing forests into farmlands and pastures. Deforestation takes away trees that absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. The less number of trees in the forest, the less carbon dioxide will be processed and made available in the atmosphere (Hopwood and Cohen). Thus, global warming is caused by humans’ unstoppable emission of noxious gases on the earth’s atmosphere and the denuding of forests. At present, the status of global warming is progressing, rendering detrimental effects to the planet and its inhabitants. Effects of Global Warming The increase of the amount of greenhouse gases present in the earth’s atmosphere has negative implications on the earth’s environmental mechanism. These effects only signify the existence of the environmental dilemma. Due to global warming, the planet is experiencing imbalances our environmental processes. The earth is suffering from heat waves, sudden unusual shifts in weather, and changes in precipitation patterns. The odd patterns of precipitation reinforced by the rise of the sea level result in coastal flooding and take away the land where people live. This circumstance induces migration, causing the population of the inland cities to escalate (â€Å"Global Warming: Early Warning Signs†). Global warming also has a direct effect on our earth’s hydrosphere. The increase in temperature contributes to the rise of sea level. The rise of the earth’s waters results from the expansion of water due to heating and the melting of glaciers and ice caps in the North and South poles (Raper and Braithwaite 311). Global warming also affects the daily lives and lifestyle of the people. It also causes a chain of events that raises extreme concern from environmentalists who are anticipating the worst scenarios resulting from this environmental issue (Hopwood and Cohen). Global warming renders both negative and positive effects in our agriculture. As for its benefits to agriculture, global warming helps to increase food production. Since one of the determinants of agriculture is climate, it is suggested that heating is better than cooling. Moreover, carbon dioxide is one of the essential factors needed by plants in making their own food. As the temperature rises, more farmlands will be available on the poles and the length of the growing season will be prolong. However, extreme rise in the temperature will cause drought that affects our crops. Extremely hot temperatures also prevent some of the crops to be planted due to the adherence of the climate (Hopwood and Cohen). Global warming also raises various health concerns. One of the most obvious effects on health is directly through heat. As the temperature of the earth continues to increase, more people will suffer from heatstroke, heart ailments, and other illnesses exacerbated by heat (Hopwood and Cohen). In addition to this, it was stated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that climate change develops a wide array of adverse effects on human health, resulting in significant loss of human lives. As temperature increases at the earth’s poles, pests and insects migrate toward these areas. Some of these insects and pests carry diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever, which could lead to an increase in the number of cases documented each year (Hopwood and Cohen). Thus, if the current situation will not be addressed, global warming is foreseen to create a chain of negative implications such as the spread of diseases, occurrence of droughts and fires, heavy rainfall, flora and fauna range shift, and population changes (â€Å"Global Warming: Early Warning Signs†). Conclusion The environment is continuously violated and destructed as people strive to achieve industrialization, economic progress, and improvement of the quality of human life. As a result, global warming has emerged as an alarming dilemma that stems from our negligence and exploitation of the earth’s natural resources. Thus, global warming is not a product of our imagination but a product of our continued destruction of the environment. Global warming is brought about by the escalated concentration of greenhouse gases, causing the earth’s temperature to increase as the gases trap infrared waves and bounce them back to the earth. The increased concentration of the greenhouse gases result from the neglectful emission of components that comprise the noxious greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide, the main component of the greenhouse gases, accumulates in the atmosphere as the amount of carbon dioxide recycled is reduced. Deforestation is one of the causes of the increased in the concentration of the harmful gases on the earth’s atmosphere. Global warming brings about various effects on the environment, human health, and people’s lifestyle. Although global warming has some advantages, such as prolonging the growing (of plants) season, it produces more negative implications. For instance, it can cause the spread of various diseases, the occurrence of droughts and wildfires, the unusual patterns of precipitation, and considerable shifts on the flora and fauna distribution. The sad truth is that global warming exists and continues to progress as we constantly neglect our environment. The current rate of its development causes concerns to arise, and the effects we are currently experiencing are proof of its threatening presence. Hence, as global warming continues to threaten human lives, attention and action are extremely needed not only to resolve the growing problems caused by global warming, but also to prevent further damages to the planet and its inhabitants. Works Cited Global Warming: Early Warning Signs. 1999.Retrieved May 8 2008 from http://www. climatehotmap. org/. Hopwood, Nick and Jordan Cohen. â€Å"Greenhouse Gases and Society. † University of Michigan. 1998. 18 July 2008 . Raper, Sarah C. B, and Roger J. Braithwaite. â€Å"Low Sea Level Rise Projection from Mountain Glaciers Icecaps under Global Warming. † Nature 439 (19 January 2006): 311-313. SciDev. Net. â€Å"Global Warming. † Climate Change and Energy. 2008. May 8 2008 .

The Night Stalker Professor Ramos Blog

The Night Stalker   Angela B There was a time when it was normal to leave your windows open and doors unlocked. There was a time when people were not afraid to go to sleep wondering if they would see the next morning, a time before Richard Ramirez or the â€Å"Night Stalker.† As his nickname conveys, the  Night  Stalker preyed on innocent victims in the middle of the night. He would walk around neighborhoods and check for unlocked doors or open windows and invite himself in.   Once he was in the house he would rape, kill and torture the innocent sleeping victims. He has been convicted of fourteen murders and the ones he did not kill are scarred for life. One survivor told a horrific story about being sexually assaulted with her son tied up in the closet, (LA Times, Chen).   The night stalker even went on to rape and kill a woman who was sixty years old,  (YouTube, Kelley).  Ã‚  The torture he has brought upon others just seems like pure evil, but why is it so easy for this man to?   There ar e no excuses for his appalling actions, but there are several factors that could have contributed to his killing outbreaks; such as, a birth defect, use of drugs and alcohol, and living with his deranged older cousin.   Richard Ramirez was the youngest of five children from his parents Julian and Mercedes Ramerez. Richards mother worked in a boot factory where she was exposed to different chemical fumes,  (Real Crime,  Dimitropoulos).  Unfortunately, in those days, employees were not cautioned to protect themselves so working there while she was pregnant caused her children to suffer with birth defects such as respiratory difficultly and bone deficiency. Richard suffered from epilepsy and his brain could have developed slower than most from the chemical fumes, (Real Crime,  Dimitropoulos). A lot of serial killers suffer from some type of mental illness, and if they have a traumatic experience along the way then it is harder for them to cope and result in criminal behavior.   If Richards mom had properly taken care of the babies in her womb Richard might not have acted out as he did but we will never know what really goes on in a killers head.   Another cause to what could have made this monster is his use of drugs and alcohol.   Richard turned at an early age to drugs and dropped out of high school which could have messed with his brain development.  One of the main drugs he used was cocaine;  cocaine is a dangerous drug that can alter your state of thought long term,  (YouTube, Kelley).   A lot of criminals tend to commit crimes while on drugs because of their altered state of mind, (Verywellmind,T).   Since Richard was a long-time user, his mental state was definitely not healthy and killing and raping people probably did not even have an affect him.   The last and most disturbing reason of them all, is that he went to live with his deranged older cousin when he was still and adolescent.   While his mother was known to be sweet and kind hearted, his father had abused him growing up,  (YouTube, Kelley).   Richard eventually grew tired of it and went to live with his older cousin who was a Vietnam war veteran.   His cousin would boast and brag about all the women he would rape and assault and then kill them after, (YouTube, Serial Killer Documentaries).   Richard,  still being young during all of this,  seemed to be fascinated and in awe of his cousin.   Because of the previous reasons that his brain and mental state were altered, he could not handle coping with this and instead of seeing it for what it really is h was desensitized from his cousins frightful actions.   His uncle even shot his own wife in the face and Richard witnessed it all,  (YouTube, Kelley).   Richard Rameriez was a dangerous individual who affected the lives of many.   In â€Å"Thesis II: The Monster Always Escapes,† from Jeffery Jerome Cohens â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses),† Cohen talks about how the monster from movies and books always reappear in the next movie or book even after they have been killed, (Cohen,4).   Obviously, Richard Rameriez is a human who died June 7, 2013, (Los Angeles mob attacks Night Stalker).  This thesis relates to Richard because of Richards older cousins actions. His older cousin that he lived with was a monster as well, I believe his actions turned Richard into the monster he was convicted as.   Now in this story, the same monster did not escape; Richards cousin was a monster himself who helped create another monster and the cycle will continue.   Someone else with a mental illness or someone who is just pure evil will see Richards crimes and be fascinated and inspired by them.   No matter what, in our society , the monster always escapes and new monsters will be created and the vicious cycle will continue forever.  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Monster Theory must therefore concern itself with strings of cultural moments, connected by a logic that always threatens to shift; invigorated by change and escape, by the impossibility of achieving what Susan Stewart calls the desired ‘fall or death, the stopping’ of its gigantic subject monstrous interpretations is as much process as epiphany, a work that must content itself with fragments,† (Cohen,6).   The next thesis that connects with Richard Ramerizs story is, â€Å"Thesis VI. Fear of the Monster Is Really a Kind of Desire.†Ã‚   There are two movies, a book and hundreds of articles involving the Night Stalker.   â€Å"The same creatures that terrify and interdict can evoke potent escapist fantasies; the linking of monstrosity with the forbidden makes the monster all the more appealing as temporary egress from constraint,† (Cohen,17).   This  quote is talking about how the rebelliousness of monsters intrigues us and makes us interested in them even though they are so terrible.      Richard Rameriez was a cold-blooded killer who ruined the lives of not only the people he murdered, but the also the lives of their family and friends. There is no excuse for the pain he has cause other but there are a few situations that could have avoided making him a killer.   If his mother would have avoided the fumes while she was pregnant, Richard could have had normal brain development and could have grown up to be a normal, functioning adult.   Same with if he would had never turned to drugs and alcohol at a young age, he could have finished high school and even gotten a job or acquire life goals.   The last and most traumatizing experience for him would be his cousin.   Richards cousin was the worst possible person to live with and if he could have had a better home life, he could have had a chance.   Watching his cousin rape and abuse women could have triggered a mental illness that could have been avoided.     No child should have to go through that and his cousin is the real monster and created a copy.   Richard Rameriez was convicted and is no dead, but people still sleep with a fear in the back of their heads from him.   Even though he has died and cannot come back to life, the impact he has left on the world will stay forever, so before you go to bed tonight remember lock  your  doors and close your windows, because we never now who is out there.   Work cited:   Los Angeles mob attacks Night Stalker, AE Television Networks, 7 July 2019,  www.history.com/this-day-in-history/los-angeles-mob-attacks-night-stalker.   Dimitropoulos,  Stav.  real Crime: Was a Bad Childhood to Blame for Night Stalker Richard Ramirez Becoming a Serial  Killer?,  AE Television Networks, LLC. , 1 Nov. 2017,  www.aetv.com/real-crime/was-a-bad-childhood-to-blame-for-night-stalker-richard-ramirez-becoming-a-serial-killer.   T, Buddy.  Verywell  Mind,  www.verywellmind.com/crime-and-alcohol-statistics-from-1998-62821.   THE NIGHT STALKER SERIAL KILLER RICHAR, YouTube, 18 Jan. 2015.,  www.youtube.com/watch?v=4hPRDHCFwOI.   Richard Ramirez  ( The  Night Stalker )   , YouTube, 5 June 2017.,  www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtEOzX8V6yI.  

Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Resource - Essay Example Staffing Plan for an Engineering Organization To begin with, I have to set down our goals and objectives after determining the kind of business that our organization will be in. The next step is to figure out and draw a strategy on how the organization is going to achieve those particular goals and objectives. In addition, I have to arrive at a decision with respect to the specific kind of jobs that are to be done and the specific people who are to be responsible in rendering their duties as they do the jobs. Finally as a Human Resource staff, I have to ensure that each member of staff’s knowledge, skills and talents have been matched to the jobs in question (Pandey 7). Ensuring that skilled employees can enable the organization meet its goals is one of the most crucial aspects. This can be ensured by ensuring that the supply and demand that match people’s component have been matched. Am supposed to come up with a profile for the members of staff in the organization. Th e profile entails an internal analysis that specifies workers and their respective skills. Apart from this, I will also need to develop an inventory report for the human resource.

An understanding of the term One Man Bridge Operation Dissertation

An understanding of the term One Man Bridge Operation - Dissertation Example This study looks into IMO, COLREGs and the STCW 95, that have laid down regulations and norms that govern one-man bridge operations and these have caused a reduction in the incidents at sea and thereby increased the safety of vessels at sea. Yet, the situation has not been brought totally under control and as seen human fatigue in combination with one-man bridge operation is still a problem area. My humble viewing of the situation and the manner in which this can be addressed runs this way. Incidents at sea due to human fatigue and one man bridge operations is due to the improper manning of ships and the navigation team and the Master of the vessel and the navigation team pay the price even though they are not responsible for the manning policies on board the ship. A minimum complement of four navigation officers and four navigation ratings should be made mandatory on board all seagoing vessels irrespective of the type of vessel, size of vessel and length of voyage. Inspections of sh ips can be utilized to ensure proper manning of vessels. The fines for improper manning of vessels should be high so as to act as a deterrent. These fines should be imposed on the ship owner or ship Management Company. The quantum of the fine should be similar to those imposed for polluting the environment as this measure has been effective in making tankers wary of polluting the seas. Such steps would cause ships to be manned in an optimum manner and if not remove at least reduce the problem caused by human fatigue and the one-man bridge operation.